What can you do to build a relationship with a learner who is disengaged or resistant to learning?

There are a few scenarios I have in mind:
- the disengaged kid who sits in the back and doesn't want to participate. 
- the kid who is smart and fully capable but does the bare minimum.
- the kid who simply refuses to work.

In your experience, is it usually boredom? Lack of interest in the topic, or lack of interest in school? Or is it something deeper?

What are some small steps that have worked for you? Do you have tips you can share for breaking through to these kids?

I appreciate your thoughts on this.